The existence of relocation services in the era of globalization it is necessary for being able to support mobility in all areas, such as households, business entities, to the agencies. When a person or group of people decided to move houses, apartments, offices, warehouses, and factories, often hit by fears of a troublesome process of moving it.

The most lazy thing to do and requires a lot of time while moving, including packing of goods, freight, unloading, and the arrangement of items. In addition, there are more worrying, is the possibility of damage and lost some stuff to the difficulty moving bulky items.

However, all the risks and concerns will be resolved by moving the moving services. You can just give the instruction on the importance of various goods and provide some money. Unicorn Moving Services has a workforce of professionals experienced in the process of moving.

In addition to experienced workers, professional relocation services supported by the use of quality packing materials and transportation must be adequate and safe. So, you do not need to worry about “safety” favorite items. Sit down nice and welcomes the arrival of your belongings.

Washing is one way to keep clean with water and put on a kind of soap or detergent. Washing hands with soap or use hand hygiene products is the best way to prevent transmission of influenza and colds. Austin maid services will help you get the standard of hygiene.

Environment clean is clean place to live, work places, and various public facilities. Sanitary housing is done by wiping the windows and furniture, sweeping and mopping floors, washing kitchen utensils and cutlery (for example by rubbing ash), clean bathrooms and toilets, and trash. Environmental cleanliness starts from the page and keep clean the gutters, and clean the driveway from garbage. Cleanliness levels differ according to places and activities that humans do. Hygiene at home is different from the operating room cleanliness in hospitals, whereas different food hygiene in factories with hygiene in the semiconductor factory free of dust.

Essentially, comfort is expressed by the satisfaction of a building’s occupants. Therefore, the most appropriate way to measure comfort is to ask occupants if they feel comfortable. The EN-ISO 7730 (ISO, 1993) standard scale is most frequently used to determine this. When there are several people in a room, the mean vote is calculated. Fanger (1982) proposed a method for calculating the mean vote of a group of people from air parameters (temperature, humidity and air velocity), clothing and activity. He called this the ‘predicted mean vote’ (PMV). Fanger also suggested that the percentage of dissatisfied people is related to mean vote. It should be noted that, according to this model, it is impossible to satisfy everybody: the minimum number of dissatisfied people is approximately 5 per cent. Fanger (1982) also published a relationship between the physical parameters that influence thermal comfort and the mean vote, which can then
be predicted. The Fanger equation of comfort is now accepted all over the world. The solution of the Fanger equation is iterative; therefore, for all practical purposes, a computer is essential. International Standard EN/ISO 7730
provides a simple program in BASIC.

For example, a sitting person wearing a lounge suit would prefer, on average, an operative temperature of 22°C ± 2°C. If this person is more active – for example, when giving a lecture – a temperature of 18°C ± 3°C is preferred. This is why a temperature of about 20°C is preferred in schools and offices. A sitting person wearing shorts and a light shirt will prefer 26°C ± 1.5°C, while an average person naked and at rest is comfortable, on average, at 28°C ±1°C.

The Fanger equation is valid within the following domain:
• metabolism from 46 to 232 watts per square metre body area (W/m2) (0.8
to 4 units of metabolism (met));
• clothing from 0 to 2 units of thermal resistance of clothing (clo) (or
clothing thermal resistance from 0 to 0.310 (m2K/W));
• air temperature between 10 and 30°C;
• mean radiant temperature from 10 to 40°C;
• relative air velocity less than 1 m/s;
• water vapour partial pressure between 0 and 2700Pa.

The practical consequence for administrative buildings and dwellings, where the activity is close to 1.1 met, is that the optimal operative temperature in winter (about 1 clo) is between 20 and 24°C, while in summer, with lighter clothing, the optimal operative temperature is between 23 and 26°C.

Perceived comfort temperature results from the energy balance of the body, which includes heat loss by convection and conduction to the surrounding air, by evaporation and by radiation to and from neighbouring surfaces. When too much heat is lost, the body perceives a sensation of cold through temperature sensors in the skin. When not enough heat is lost, the temperature of the skin rises, resulting in a sensation of warmth. A healthy body always maintains equilibrium between heat gains (metabolic heat and heat gains from external environment by convection, conduction and radiation) and heat losses to the environment by convection, conduction, radiation and evaporation (or transpiration). This equilibrium is necessary to maintain the internal body temperature at a constant of nearly 37°C. It is reached by automatic changes of the blood circulation and skin temperature, on the one hand, and by conscious changes of clothing and activity on the other. Another way of ensuring thermal equilibrium is to change the environment by using available controls such as fans, heaters or window blinds. When the temperature is comfortable, heat loss is almost equally shared between radiation to surrounding surfaces, conduction/convection to the air and transpiration (evaporation). When temperature increases, evaporation becomes the predominant mode of heat loss, and at temperatures in excess of 37°C, becomes the only way to lose heat. At the same time, the production of metabolic heat may fall. When temperature decreases, evaporation is reduced but it is compensated for by an increase of radiation and convection losses. At low temperatures, the metabolism may increase (shivering) to compensate for heat losses by additional heat production. This clearly shows that thermal comfort does not result from air temperature alone, but also from the temperature of the surrounding surfaces, humidity and air movement.

In most cases, buildings are erected to protect their occupants from the external environment (e.g. extreme temperatures, wind, rain, noise, radiation, etc.) and, therefore, to provide them with a good indoor environment. A building that is well adapted to its climate protects its occupants against the extreme conditions observed outdoors without creating uncomfortable internal conditions. According to Pierre Lavigne (Chatelet et al, 1998), the internal climate in a free-running building (that is, without any heating or cooling system running) should be at least as comfortable as the outdoor climate. Because of changes in their clothing, occupants require different temperatures in order to be comfortable (the so-called ‘comfort temperatures’) during summer or winter. Therefore, the comfort ‘zone’ (the range of comfortable temperatures) is higher in summer than in winter. A well-adapted building has a good thermal insulation, appropriate passive solar gains (including moveable and efficient shading systems) and adaptive ventilation devices. In summer, it is protected against solar radiation and designed for passive cooling. In winter, it uses solar gain to increase the internal temperature. The result is a building that, in most European climates, provides comfort without energy sources other than the sun during most of the year. The energy use for heating is strongly reduced as a result of a shorter heating season. Cooling is not required as long as the internal heat load stays within reasonable limits. On the other hand, a poorly adapted building is not well insulated and protected against solar radiation. It is designed neither for an efficient use of solar energy, nor for passive cooling. Its free-floating internal temperature is then too low in winter and too high in summer. Expensive and energy-consuming systems have to be installed in order to compensate for this misfit between the building and its surrounding climate. Such poorly adapted buildings will require heating in winter and cooling in summer and are the cause of the belief that the use of large amounts of energy is necessary for comfort.

Without ventilation, a building’s occupants will first be troubled by odours and other possible contaminants and heat. Humidity will rise, thus enhancing moisture hazards (e.g. mould growth and condensation). Oxygen will not be missed until much later. The purpose of ventilation is to eliminate airborne contaminants, which are generated both by human activity and by the building itself. These are:
• bad odours, to which people entering the room are very sensitive;
• moisture, which increases the risk of mould growth;
• carbon dioxide gas, which may induce lethargy in high concentrations;
• dust, aerosols and toxic gases resulting from human activity, as well as from the materials of the building (in principle, ‘clean’ materials should be chosen for internal use, but this is not always possible);
• excessive heat.

If there are several contaminants, the calculation is performed for each contaminant. The airflow rate corresponds to the largest calculated value. Since, at a given airflow rate, the indoor pollutant concentration is proportional to pollutant source intensity, indoor air quality can be greatly improved at low cost by avoiding or reducing indoor air pollution sources. In well-designed buildings, during the heating season the occupants are the main source of contaminants (mostly odours and water vapour). The airflow rate should then be between 22 cubic metres per hour (m3/h) per person, which limits the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration to about 1000 parts per million(ppm) above the outdoor concentration, and 54m3/h per person, which limits the CO2 concentration to about 400 ppm above the outdoor concentration – meaning that less than 10 per cent of people entering the room will be dissatisfied by the odour (prEN 13779, 2004). Airflow rates should be much larger in poorly insulated buildings (where there is a risk of mould growth and water vapour condensation) or in spaces where there is a particular source of contamination, including spaces where smoking is allowed.
During the summer, the minimum airflow rate may be much larger than the hygienic airflow rate in order to evacuate heat or provide cooling draughts. However, when the outdoor temperature exceeds the indoor temperatures, it may be wise to decrease the ventilation rate, only allowing high levels of ventilation at night when the outdoor temperature is low.

The ventilation of buildings is used to maintain indoor air quality and thermal comfort. In order to attain these objectives, airflow rate should be controlled. The minimal airflow rate is determined by indoor air quality requirements so that the maximal concentration for every pollutant is lower than the maximum admitted. By changing the airflow, comfort may also be controlled. Thermal comfort is influenced by air parameters (e.g. temperature, humidity, velocity and turbulence) and surface temperatures (of walls, windows, etc.), but also by the type of human activity and clothing. Recent studies show that in naturally ventilated buildings, occupants adapt themselves to the indoor climate, accepting a wider range of indoor temperatures as comfortable.

Extreme urbanization during the last years has resulted in important economic, social, energy and environmental problems. Over-consumption of resources and environmental pollution are among the major problems in cities of the developed world, while poverty and lack of infrastructures comprise the main problems in the cities of the less developed world. Urbanization increases the energy consumption and production of pollutants. Important peak electricity problems have occurred during the last years in developed countries because of the extensive use of air conditioners. In parallel, poverty obliges almost 2 billion people to use biomass for fuel, resulting in substantial indoor pollution problems. Natural ventilation can be a significant solution to these problems by improving the environmental quality of urban buildings worldwide. Appropriate simple or sophisticated components of natural ventilation equally address the different nature of people’s requirements in the urban environment and contribute significantly to decreasing indoor pollution, improving indoor air quality, enhancing thermal comfort and reducing the use of mechanical cooling.

Conditions that are necessary to achieve these benefits are:
• The concentration of outdoor pollutants is lower than that of indoor pollutants.
• The outdoor temperature is within ‘comfort’ limits or, in the worst case nscenario, does not result in thermal stress of people.
• Natural ventilation does not cause other environmental and social problems (noise, privacy, etc.).

The contribution that natural ventilation can make to the well-being of a building’s inhabitants is a function of people’s life standards. The quality of the building, as well as the type of energy, services and systems used define what natural ventilation may offer (see Figure 1.5). Thus, three main clusters of possible uses/contributions may be defined as a function of income and of the corresponding energy use:

1. Natural ventilation can contribute significantly to decreasing indoor air pollution caused by combustion processes in very poor households. It is estimated that almost 2 billion people live in substandard conditions, with no access to electricity and modern fuels. The efficient and cheap design of components to enhance ventilation in these settlements is a very simple task, involving low or negligible cost. Nevertheless, this has to be considered in association with other policies, such as the design of more efficient stoves and the use of cleaner fuels.

2. Natural ventilation may contribute significantly to improving indoor air quality and indoor thermal conditions for approximately 3 billion people of low and medium income. Most of these people live in poorly designed buildings and suffer from high indoor temperatures during the summer. This population does not have the means to use cooling equipment and relies upon natural systems and techniques. The design and integration of efficient natural ventilation systems and components, such as wind and solar towers, can assist in improving indoor thermal comfort. Since this concerns indoor air quality, and high outdoor air pollution and its impact on the indoor environment, it is a major problem for this sector of the world’s urban population. According to the United Nations global environmental monitoring system, an annual average of 1.25 billion urban inhabitants are exposed to very high concentrations of suspended particles and smoke, (LRC 1993), while another 625 million urban citizens are exposed to non-acceptable sulphur dioxide (SO2) levels. Several efficient techniques that filter the outdoor air are available; however, besides filtration of very large particles, these techniques cannot be used yet because of their high cost and complexity.

3. Natural ventilation can considerably improve thermal comfort, decrease the need for air conditioning and improve indoor air quality in the developed world. Daytime ventilation in mild climates and night ventilation in hot climates have been proven to be very effective techniques (OECD, 1991). Experimental studies (Santamouris and Assimakopoulos, 1987) have shown that effective night ventilation in office buildings may halve overheating hours and reduce the cooling load by at least 55 per cent. A serious limitation to applying natural and night ventilation in dense urban environments has to do with the serious reduction of the wind speed in urban canyons (Geros et al, 1999). Experimental evaluation of reducing the air flow rate in single-sided and cross-ventilated buildings in ten urban canyons in Athens (Santamouris, 2001) has shown that air flow rate may reduce by 90 per cent (see Figure 1.8). Thus, efficient integration of natural and night ventilation techniques in dense urban areas requires full knowledge of wind characteristics, as well as adaptation of ventilation components to local conditions.

Outdoor pollution is a serious limitation for natural ventilation in urban areas. As reported by Wackernagel et al (1999), it is estimated that in 70 to 80 per cent of European cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, the levels of air pollution, regarding one or more pollutants, exceed WHO standards at least once in a typical year. Filtration and air cleaning is possible only when flow-controlled natural ventilation components are used.

Noise is a second serious limitation for natural ventilation in the urban environment. As stated by Wackernagel et al (1999), unacceptable noise levels of more than 65 dB(A) affect between 10 to 20 per cent of urban inhabitants in most European cities. The same authors report that in cities included in the Dobris Assessment, unacceptable levels of noise affect between 10 to 50 per cent of urban residences. The OECD (Geros, 2000) has calculated that 130 million people in OECD countries are exposed to noise levels that are unacceptable.

Because of high outdoor pollution and the nature of human activities, indoor air quality problems in the urban buildings of developed countries are much more significant than in rural areas. Smith (1994) reports that exposure in the indoor environment to particulate matter is seven times higher in the indoor than in the outdoor environment, while it is 3.5 times higher in urban than in rural areas. The higher concentration of pollutants in the rural areas of developing countries is due to the use of biomass as a fuel for cooking and heating.

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in developing countries is an extremely serious problem. While in developed countries IAQ problems arise from low ventilation rates and the emission of building products and materials, the inhabitants of LDCs face problems related to pollutants generated by human activities, particularly as a result of combustion processes through the use of ovens and braziers with imperfect kitchen and stove designs. As reported by Smith (1994): ‘Today about half the population of the world continues to rely for cooking and associated space heating on simple household stoves using unprocessed solid fuels that have high emission factors for a range of health damaging air pollutants.’ Compared to modern fuels such as gas, solid fuels produce 10 to 100 times more breathable particulate matter per meal (Smith, 1994). Measurements made in kitchens of homes in India showed particulate levels to be 35 times the 1-hour standard and nearly 100 times the 24-hour standard recommended in industrialized countries (IBGE, 1993). In parallel, other pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and 1,3-butadiene, also reach high concentrations. As reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), in some areas of China and India, the use of coal in houses leads to high indoor concentrations of fluorine and arsenic with consequent health effects (Smith, 1994).

High indoor concentration of pollutants poses a tremendous health threat to the population of the less developed countries. Worldwide, close to 2 million deaths per year are attributable to indoor air pollution from cooking fires (Serageldim et al, 1995). Recent studies by the WHO have shown that 30 to 40 per cent of 760 million cases of respiratory diseases worldwide are caused by particulate air pollution alone. ‘Mostly, these health effects are caused by indoor air pollution due to open stove cooking and heating in developing countries’ (WHO, 1997). Studies in Latin America, Asia and Africa have shown that indoor air pollution is also responsible for pregnancy-related problems, such as stillbirths and low birth weight. It has also been associated with blindness (attributed to 18 per cent of cases in India) and immune system depression (Schwela, 1996). In particular, in India, it is estimated that 500,000 women and children die each year due to indoor air pollution-related causes since almost 75 per cent of the population relies upon traditional biomass fuels (Schwela, 1996). This is close to 25 per cent of the deaths worldwide attributed to indoor air pollution problems.

Other studies increase the number of premature deaths in India because of indoor air pollution problems to 3.3 million per year. Table 1.3 summarizes most of the recent estimates on premature mortality in India due to indoor air pollution problems. The severity of the problem is shown by studies that estimate the burden of disease in India for selected major risk factors and diseases. As shown in Figure 1.4, mortality due to indoor air pollution problems is very high. It is evident that proper ventilation of urban buildings in these countries, as well as in the developed world, can contribute significantly to reducing the concentration of indoor pollutants and to protecting public health. Given that indoor pollution problems in LDCs primarily affect the poorest sector of the population, the use of advanced ventilation and filtration techniques is not feasible at all. Thus, natural ventilation may be an effective solution if outdoor air quality is less polluted than indoor air quality. The development of appropriate strategies and techniques to enhance natural ventilation in urban buildings may save million of lives in developing countries.